sábado, 10 de dezembro de 2011

Legal English: Health Care Reform Quiz

I.                    Mark the items below true (T) or false (F) according to our class materials:
1)                  _____Legal challenges to the Obama health care reform were certain to reach the U.S. Supreme Court because parties dissatisfied with U.S. District Court decisions on the matter were able to appeal to the Constitutional Court.

2)                  _____In Florida v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the District Court Judge rendered a declaratory judgment against the constitutionality of The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.

3)                  _____In Florida v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the District Court Judge provided no injunctive relief.

4)                  _____The defendants in Florida v. U.S. DHHS argue that Congress lacks the authority to pass an individual mandate to purchase health insurance into law under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution.

5)                  _____The Florida District Judge hearing that case rejected the defendants’ argument that individuals’ decisions not to purchase health insurance constitute activity that can be regulated by the federal government.

6)                  _____The Judge also accepted the plaintiffs’ claim that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act violates case law on constitutional spending principles.

7)                  _____Florida v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services hinges on matters of law, as opposed to factual disputes.

8)                  _____ The Judge in the case found no reasonable support for the plaintiff’s argument that the federal government is coercing the states into expanding Medicaid.



II.                 Complete the sentences below with words from the list:

___________________________________________________________________
provision / incomes / injunction / enforcement / claim / pleadings / exercise / motion / briefs

to amend / to challenge / to come down to / to find / to burden / to constitute / to commandeer / to allude / to contend

enumerated / declaratory / monetary / sustainable / entitled

impermissibly / within / to the extent / thereunder
______________________________________________________________

  •  The lawsuit _____ (1) whether the statute in question _____ (2) an _____ (3) of power by Congress that is _____ (4) under the Commerce Clause.
  • The _____ (5) of the law that the newspaper article _____ (6) to requires that individuals purchase health insurance or pay a _____ (7) fine.
  • The plaintiffs _____ (8) that the law _____ (9) Medicaid in ways that _____ (10) _____ (11) the states.
  • The Judge entered a judgment for the plaintiffs, but recognized that Congress is _____ (12) to expand Medicaid, and he did not issue an injunction stopping _____ (13) of the law.
  • In one case the judge granted the defendants’ _____ (14) to dismiss the complaint, _____ (15) that the plaintiffs had failed to state a _____ (16).
  • All the legal controversy surrounding the reform enacted by Congress in 2010, and the new regulations _____ (17), essentially _____ (18) the legal definition of one word.
  • Some say the reform is abusive _____ (19) that it goes beyond the _____ (20) powers given Congress by the Constitution.

segunda-feira, 7 de novembro de 2011

segunda-feira, 19 de setembro de 2011

Prime Communication: Language Learning

I Love Lucy: Ricky's English
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ld35JY4RKKE


NPR - Why Immigrants Don't Learn  English (2007)
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14330106

CNN - Refusing to Learn English in Miami
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nf9ZbduiwkM

New York Times: Does Your Language Shape How You Think?
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/29/magazine/29language-t.html

Bloomberg/Newsweek: Immigrants Should Learn English - The U.S. should require people to learn and speak English before they can attain citizenship. Pro or con?
http://www.businessweek.com/debateroom/archives/2008/08/immigrants_should_learn_english.html

BBC: Learning Languages Boosts Brain.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3739690.stm

quarta-feira, 22 de junho de 2011

Legal English: Financial Crisis

The documentary 'Inside Job' discusses the 2008 financial crisis. The end of part 2 (12'52'') and the begining of part 3 expain how the new mortgage system was a time bomb...
part 2/8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfU1H4q5lT8&feature=related

part 3/8 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCPjGIW8_Bc&feature=related




Video: PBS Frontline - The Warning
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/?autoplay

"We didn't truly know the dangers of the market, because it was a dark market," says Brooksley Born, the head of an obscure federal regulatory agency -- the Commodity Futures Trading Commission [CFTC] -- who not only warned of the potential for economic meltdown in the late 1990s, but also tried to convince the country's key economic powerbrokers to take actions that could have helped avert the crisis. "They were totally opposed to it," Born says. "That puzzled me. What was it that was in this market that had to be hidden?" (more »)

Read more: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/?autoplay#ixzz1Q3TAXuXF

quarta-feira, 8 de junho de 2011

domingo, 5 de junho de 2011

Legal English: American Needle v. NFL (2)

Visit the original posting on this topic from last year
http://alexctjblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/legal-english-american-needle-v-nfl.html

*******************************************************************

FTC Video: A Brief History of the Birth of the Federal Trade Commission
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NssfPApe5iQ&feature=related

Cornell Law: Antitrust
http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Antitrust

FTC Files Joint Amicus Brief with U.S. Department of Justice in Matter of American Needle, Inc. v. National Football League
http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2009/09/nfl.shtm
The Brief: http://www.ftc.gov/os/2009/09/090925nflbrief.pdf

"Supreme Court Reaffirms Application of Rule of Reason to Joint Venture Conduct"

from Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP
http://www.skadden.com/Index.cfm?contentID=51&itemID=2089

PBS Newshour Video: Supreme Court Watch: NFL Merchandise
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Sj39fzSEkk&feature=related

Video: Sports Illustrated's Michael McCann "NFL Antitrust Ruling"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjkZohzi86I

segunda-feira, 30 de maio de 2011

Legal English: AGU and PGR

The Public Ministry is an important independent body in Brazil's judicial system. Its principal component, the Office of the Solicitor General of the Republic (Procuradoria Geral da República--PGR), is composed of several public prosecutors selected by public examination. The PGR's headquarters is in Brasília, and it has branches in every state. The PGR is charged with prosecuting those accused of federal crimes, those accused of offending the president and his ministers, and all federal officials and employees accused of crimes. Before 1988 the president could appoint and dismiss the solicitor general at will. Under the 1988 constitution, the solicitor general has a fixed, renewable two-year term and is appointed by the president, with Senate approval, among the career prosecutors.

The Office of the Federal Attorney General (Advocacia- Geral da União--AGU), which was separated from the PGR by the 1988 constitution, defends the federal government against lawsuits and provides legal counsel to the executive branch. The AGU was organized and staffed under a provisional measure (MP) issued by President Franco.

http://countrystudies.us/brazil/88.htm
Source: U.S. Library of Congress

Legal English: Vocab Review / Change of Venue Motion


The defendant, Joshua Komisarjevsky, is currently awaiting trial on a multicount information, including several _____ of capital _____ .  The case has _____ intense public interest. On November 8, 2010, the jury in State v. Hayes _____ special verdicts _____ a sentence of death for the co-defendant.

counts      returned      mandating      felony     aroused

On February 4, 2011, Komisarjevsky ( _____ referred to as “the defendant”) filed the motion for change of _____ now _____ the court.  The motion is based on what it terms “the unprecedented, _____publicity surrounding this case, as _____ by the recent trial of Mr. Komisarjevsky's co-defendant, Steven Hayes.”

hereinafter     prejudicial      before    exacerbated      venue

At the hearing, Steven Penrod, a professor of psychology at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice _____ that a poll he conducted found the highest level of “case _____” he had ever seen. A smaller, but still substantial, percentage of _____ expressed an opinion that Komisarjevsky was guilty. 70.6% of his New Haven _____ reported that they could _____ a verdict based only on the evidence. A second defense witness submitted a flash drive containing 1,808 media reports concerning the cases _____ from the Internet, showing the cases have been _____ reported.
respondents(2)     widely       testified       render     culled       recognition

“Any judge _____ a criminal session of the Superior Court may, _____ motion, order any criminal case _____ in the court to be transferred to the superior court for any other judicial district if extraordinary local _____ will prevent a fair trial.” The defendant _____ the burden of showing that he could not _____ receive a fair and impartial trial. The trial court exercises its _____ in deciding whether to grant such a change of venue.

holding     discretion     prejudice     otherwise       upon     bears      pending

A defendant cannot rely, however, on the _____ fact of extensive pretrial news _____ to establish the existence of _____ prejudicial publicity and must demonstrate that the publicity was so inflammatory or _____ that it created a trial atmosphere _____ corrupted by press _____. The Supreme Courts of Connecticut and of the United States have provided _____ on this issue.

guidance      mere     inaccurate      coverage(2)     inherently     utterly

Skilling _____ a four-factor test in determining _____ a “presumption of prejudice,” like that found in Rideau, exists in a given case:  (1) “the size and characteristics of the community in which the crime occurred,” (2) _____ news stories about the defendant “contained [a] confession or other _____ prejudicial information of the type readers or viewers could not reasonably be expected to _____,” (3) the _____ of time between the crime and the trial, and (4) the _____ verdict of the jury.

lapse       employs        shut from sight       whether(2)       actual        blatantly

First, the New Haven Judicial District has a population substantially _____ than that of Rideau's parish. It consists of thirteen towns with a significant diversity of residents. “Given this large, diverse _____ of potential jurors, the suggestion that 12 impartial individuals could not be _____ is hard to _____.” Second, media reports on the cases in question have not focused on “_____ of guilt.” Some of Komisarjevksy's post-arrest statements to the police and certain diaries apparently authored by him in prison were _____ into evidence in the penalty phase of State v. Hayes, and these admissions generated news reports at the time. But these admissions do not appear to have been particularly _____ in the public mind.

pool       admission[s]       greater      admitted        sustain       salient      empanelled

Third, by the time the jury in this case is _____, over four years will have _____ since the crime. This prong of the Skilling analysis is made more complicated by the fact that Komisarjevsky's co-defendant was tried in the fall of 2009, and the Hayes trial _____ generated publicity unfavorable to Komisarjevsky. But, as discussed in the analysis of Skilling, _____, this publicity has not created an _____ impression on the public with respect to Komisarjevsky's _____ admissions.

plainly        impaneled        actual       supra         indelible        elapsed

It is significant that the jury in State v. Hayes, which had also been exposed to considerable pretrial publicity, _____ Hayes of one _____ of arson.  This fact serves as a _____ to defense suggestions in this case that, in spite of their _____ and instructions, jurors' verdicts are simply a function of pretrial publicity.  In fact, as Skilling points out, “it is a _____ of [our justice] system that jurors will _____ their preconceptions when they enter the courtroom and decide cases based on the evidence presented.”

oaths      acquitted     premise       count     set aside       counterweight

The court finds that the defendant has failed to establish a _____ of prejudice requiring a change of venue _____ to the beginning of the voir dire process.  The circumstances of this case _____ require the court “to conduct a _____ voir dire in which _____ jurors' attitudes about the case [are] closely _____.” Connecticut law provides a particularly _____ voir dire process. The goal of the voir dire process is not to select twelve jurors “with empty heads. It is sufficient if the jurors can _____ their impressions or opinions and _____ a verdict based on the evidence presented in court.”

thorough      presumption     scrutinized       prospective       searching          prior      plainly       render        lay aside

domingo, 29 de maio de 2011

Legal English: Vocab Review - Criminal Procedure

Criminal _____ deals with the set of rules governing the series of ¬¬¬_____through which the government enforces _____criminal law. Title 18 of the U.S. Code outlines all federal crimes. Typically, federal crimes deal with activities that either extend beyond state _____ or directly _____ federal interests.


proceedings      impact      procedure      boundaries      substantive

The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure outline the procedure for conducting federal criminal _____. Similarly, states have their own codes of criminal procedure of which many closely model the Federal Rules. Rights guaranteed to criminal defendants include the guarantees of _____ process and equal _____ under the laws, the right to have legal _____ present, the right to _____ witnesses, the right to a jury trial, and the right to not _____ against oneself. While state constitutions and procedural rules may increase the protection _____ to criminal defendants, they may not offer less protection than that guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution.

testify      due      counsel      afforded      trials      protection      confront

Failure by law _____ to follow proper procedure may result in the _____ of evidence or the _____ of an arrested suspect. For example, police must ensure that the defendant understands the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney present. The defendant must _____, intelligently, and voluntarily _____ those rights in order for the government to use any statements as evidence against the defendant.

release      waive       enforcement      knowingly      suppression

Police also must _____ the Fourth Amendment, which prohibits the government from performing unreasonable searches and _____. To obtain a search warrant, law enforcement must show _____, must support the showing by _____ or affirmation, and must describe in particularity the place they will search and the items they will seize. Exceptions to the warrant requirement include searches made at or near the _____; a search following a lawful arrest; a _____ arrest; where the seized items are in plain view; where the articles are in an automobile; where the private individual makes the search; and under _____ circumstances, where the officer has ¬¬¬_____ for a search to find a crime or evidence relating to a crime.

border      probable cause(2)      abide by      exigent      stop-and-frisk      seizures      oath

The Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees criminal defendants the right to a _____. Consequently, prosecutors cannot wait an inordinate amount of time before filing _____. The Sixth Amendment also guarantees the right to a public trial by an impartial jury of one's _____. The criminal justice system provides for an impartial jury by permitting both sides to utilize _____ challenges during jury selection. If a party _____ a _____ challenge against a prospective juror, then the court must excuse that particular juror from the panel. These challenges occur during jury _____ to root out _____.

exercises       peers      voir dire        speedy trial       bias       peremptory(2)      charges

In high-publicity trials, trial judges have the responsibility to _____ effects of publicity, perhaps by implementing a _____ on the parties and to eliminate outside influences during the trial. Defendants have the right to _____ their own _____, mount their own evidence, and present their own theory of the facts. The Fifth Amendment, through the _____ prohibits states from _____ the same defendant with substantially the same crime on the same facts.

call      charging      minimize      Double Jeopardy Clause      gag-order      witnesses

Trying to avoid _____ an innocent defendant at all costs, the law only permits the prosecution to overcome the defendant's _____ of innocence if they can show the defendant's guilt _____ a reasonable doubt. This very high _____ differs drastically from a _____ trial's much lower standard in which the plaintiff must only prove a claim by a _____ of the evidence. Criminal defendants have the right to _____ the prosecution's witnesses.

preponderance      beyond       convicting      Cross-examine       civil      burden       presumption

If a defendant cannot _____ an attorney, he/she must receive legal _____ from the Public Defender's Office. An accused shall have access to _____ at every stage of the proceedings, beginning with the defendant's initial _____. The legal counseling received must also constitute "effective counseling." Ineffective assistance of counsel may serve as _____ for a new trial. If a defendant voluntarily and intelligently chooses to self-represent, the defendant may do so.

grounds      afford        self-represent        appearance      representation counsel

At all times during the trial, the defendant _____ a right of not having to provide self-incriminating _____. Thus, the defendant can choose not to _____, or the defendant can choose to _____ but not answer certain questions that would _____.

take the stand(2)      self-incriminate      enjoys      testimony

After a suspect’s arrest, a judge will set initial _____. If the defendant shows up for the proper court _____, the court refunds the _____. During an _____, a judge calls the person charged, reads the criminal charges against him/her, and asks the accused to _____. At the preliminary _____, the judge determines whether enough evidence exists for the prosecution to meet its _____, or whether there is enough evidence to make the defendant _____ trial.

hearing      bail(2)      plead      stand      arraignment      burden of persuasion      dates

At a _____ hearing, the prosecution and the defense team file _____ _____ a judge. These _____ usually concern whether the court should suppress certain evidence, whether certain individuals can _____, or whether the judge should _____ all charges for _____ of evidence.

motions(2)      lack      pre-trial      testify      dismiss        before

For minor _____, penalties may include _____, fines, short-term _____, community service, drug and alcohol _____, and payment of _____ to the victim, among others. More serious crimes result in presentation of evidence and arguments from both the prosecution and the defense regarding the appropriate _____. Some jurisdictions will have a separate sentencing phase trial.

incarceration      restitution      infractions      sentence      rehabilitation      probation

During a sentencing trial, the prosecution presents evidence of _____ factors, and the defense presents evidence of _____ factors. The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted the US Constitution to protect the right to a jury sentencing trial for all defendants _____ the death penalty.

mitigating      facing       aggravating

terça-feira, 24 de maio de 2011

Prime 8: Globalization

No Logo: Brands, Globalization & Resistance
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uI0itS3gQFU

BBC Globalisation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzxGyKyzfP8
Joseph Stiglitz - Sharing the Benefits of Globalization
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdGC5Bemjxo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz

Globalization's Effects on the Global Poor - C. K. Prahalad
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVShrk7Qj_s&feature=fvwrel


Global Challenges in the 21st Century De: YaleUniversity

11/03/2011
Ernesto Zedillo, Director, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, poses questions to Robert Zoellick, President of The World Bank, on the global economy, public service, global governance, and challenges to global peace and security
http://www.youtube.com/user/YaleUniversity?blend=24&ob=5#p/u/0/eOwgfjnOViA

segunda-feira, 16 de maio de 2011

Legal English: Komisarjevsky's Motion for Change of Venue Questions

  1. What was Komisarjevsky’s basis for filing a motion for change of venue?
  2. Who did he call as a witness and what did that witness testify to?
  3. What were some of the questions asked in the telephone poll conducted by the witness and his team?
  4. What was exhibit A1 and why was it relevant?
  5. Can a Connecticut judge order the change of venue sought?
  6. What is the standard that needs to be met in issuing such an order?
  7. What is the moving party’s burden of proof?
  8. What is the importance of Rideau v. Louisiana, 373 U.S. 723 (1963) in this motion debate?
  9. What is the importance of Skilling v. United States?
  10. What were the four factors considered by the court in deciding this motion?
  11. What is the relevance of the timing of the motion relative to the voir dire process in this case?
  12. Can prospective jurors exhibit any knowledge of the facts of a case?
  13. According to the state, what is the problem with the statistical nature of the evidence presented by the defendant in support of the motion?
  14. What was the prosecution’s point about the voir dire process and venire persons?

sábado, 14 de maio de 2011

Legal English: A few terms...

Voir dire
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voir_dire

to taint
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/search/taint

in flagrante delicto
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/in%20flagrante%20delicto 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_flagrante_delicto


jury / unanimity
http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/jury

http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt6frag3_user.html
 It had therefore been held that this included trial by a jury of 12 persons53 who must reach a unanimous verdict54 and that the jury trial must be held during the first court proceeding and not de novo at the first appellate stage.55 However...

sexta-feira, 13 de maio de 2011

Translation: Literature Portfolio

Watch and Ward (1871)
Henry James

ROGER LAWRENCE had come to town for the express purpose of doing a certain act, but as the hour for action approached he felt his ardor rapidly ebbing away. Of the ardor that comes from hope, indeed, he had felt little from the first; so little that as he whirled along in the train he wondered to find himself engaged in this fool's errand. But in default of hope he was sustained, I may almost say, by despair. He would fail, he was sure, but he must fail again before he could rest. Meanwhile he was restless enough. In the evening, at his hotel, having roamed aimlessly about the streets for a couple of hours in the dark December cold, he went up to his room and dressed, with a painful sense of having but partly succeeded in giving himself the _tournure_ of an impassioned suitor.  http://www2.newpaltz.edu/~hathawar/watchandward.html


A Pianista (1866)
Machado de Assis

Tinha vinte e dois anos e era professora de piano. Era alta, formosa, morena e modesta. Fascinava e impunha respeito; mas através do recato que ela sabia manter sem cair na afetação ridícula de muitas mulheres, via-se que era uma alma ardente e apaixonada, capaz de atirar-se ao mar, como Safo ou de enterrar-se com o seu amante, como Cleópatra. Ensinava piano. Era esse o único recurso que tinha para sustentar-se e a sua mãe, pobre velha a quem os anos e a fadiga de uma vida trabalhosa não permitiam já tomar parte nos labores de sua filha. Malvina (era o nome da pianista) era estimada onde quer que fosse exercer a sua profissão. A distinção de suas maneiras, a delicadeza de sua linguagem, a beleza rara e fascinante, e mais do que isso, a boa fama de mulher honesta acima de toda a insinuação, tinha-lhe granjeado a estima de todas as famílias. http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/download/texto/fs000068pdf.pdf

domingo, 8 de maio de 2011

Legal English: Criminal/Petit

US Murder and Criminal Procedure:
http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Criminal_procedure
http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/718/usc_sup_01_18_10_II.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_(United_States_law)

Peremptory Challenges / Jury Selection
http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/peremptory+challenge

THE CHARGES
http://pt.scribd.com/doc/36085118/Joshua-Komisarjevsky
http://www.wfsb.com/news/13745324/detail.html

COURT DOCUMENTS

DEFENDANT'S MOTION REQUESTING THE COURT IMPOSE A SENTENCE OF LIFE EMPRISONMENT
http://pt.scribd.com/doc/50616525/Motion-St-v-Komisarjevsky
Judge's Order/Motion Denied http://pt.scribd.com/doc/51401785/Plea-Order-March-23

MOTION TO DISMISS CAPITAL MURDER CHARGES
http://pt.scribd.com/doc/48187158/komisarjevsky-s-motion-to-dismiss-all-6-capital-charges-against-him

MEMORANDUM OF DECISION RE DEFENDANT JOSHUA KOMISARJEVSKY'S MOTION FOR CHANGE OF VENUE
http://caselaw.findlaw.com/ct-superior-court/1561953.html

STATE'S MEMORANDUM  OF LAW IN OPPOSITION TO DEFENDANT'S MOTION FOR CHANGE OF  VENUE
http://pt.scribd.com/doc/48598457/St-v-Komisarjevsky-State-s-Memo-of-Law-20110210162131

MEMORANDUM  OF DECISION RE DEFENDANT'S MOTION REGARDING USE OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND BROADCASTING
http://pt.scribd.com/doc/49341205/Memo-of-Decision-St-v-Komisarjevsky-20110222131344

2011 Komisarjevsky / Jury Selection / Pretrial Motions

BLOGS
http://www.cncpunishment.com/forums/showthread.php?4249-Death-Penalty-Trial-Jury-Selection-Begins-For-Joshua-Komisarjevsky-in-Connecticut-Petit-Home-Invasion-Murders/page4

http://cheshire.patch.com/columns/petit-murders-trial-coverage

New Haven Register / Plea Bargain
http://www.nhregister.com/articles/2011/03/24/news/metro/aa3_nekom032311.txt

ABC News / Plea Bargain
http://abcnews.go.com/US/suspect-petit-family-murders-plead-guilty-avoid-death/story?id=13139806

MiddletonPress / Guilty Plea Motion Denied
http://www.middletownpress.com/articles/2011/03/24/news/doc4d8b62ba7c833111118165.txt?viewmode=2

CNN Justice
03/16
http://www.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/03/16/connecticut.home.invasion.trial/index.html?iref=allsearch

03/12
http://www.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/03/12/connecticut.home.invasion/index.html?iref=allsearch

02/28
http://www.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/02/28/connecticut.home.invasion.trial/index.html?iref=allsearch


News Video
02/23
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80KIMGtacVE

02/22
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKKrVfCIHAM

02/16
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwshrA4GraQ

02/15
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7OSjSwBTzMg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03JHPUANXyg

quinta-feira, 28 de abril de 2011

Prime 8: What Lies Ahead (2)

Artificial Organ Regrowth - NOVA scienceNOW

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okJjWG__Cyw

  • An artificial lung ____________________ (to grow) in a laboratory.
  • In the future, spare organs _____________________ (to manufacture) in a facility somewhere and ________________________ (to keep) in jars until they ___________________(to need).
  • The organs _______________________ (to accept) by transplant patients, and _______________________ (to reject) because they ________________________ (to make) from the patient’s own cells.
  • If identical, ideal organ replacements _________________________ (to develop) for each patient from his/her own cells, donors __________________________ (to need).
  • Organs _______________________ (only - to grow) without a body if a structure or scaffold _________________________ (to build) for cells to develop on.

The Island - Trailer (2005)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtyC3jFh6eM
Understanding Embryonic Stem Cells

segunda-feira, 25 de abril de 2011

quinta-feira, 21 de abril de 2011

5A - Contemporary Issues / Urban Development

Sustainable urban development in Zaragoza Spain (Eco Ciudad Valdespartera)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zYA5TshrUA

Urban Sprawl - Iowa Public Television
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhTNKrlXKXo&feature=related

Bogotá Building A Sustainable City (Part 1 of 3)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmVnvlkeIaY


Designing The Future (The Venus Project)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmnfBBEZCN8&NR=1

http://www.thevenusproject.com/

Legal English: SB1070 Review Exercise (Bolton Ruling)

The Court notes that S.B. 1070 is not a _____ statute; rather, it is an _____ of the Arizona Legislature that adds some new sections to the Arizona Revised Statutes (“A.R.S.”) and _____ some preexisting sections. S.B. 1070 also contains a _____ clause, providing that, [i]f a provision of this act or its application to any person or circumstance is held _____, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of the act. Therefore, the Court cannot and will not _____ S.B. 1070 in its entirety.


amends      freestanding      enjoin       enactment        invalid        severability


Applying the _____ legal standards based upon well-established _____, the Court finds that the United States is _____ to succeed on the merits in showing that the four Sections of S.B. 1070 are _____ by federal law. The Court also finds that the United States is _____ to suffer _____ harm if the Court does not preliminarily _____ enforcement of these Sections of S.B. 1070 and that the balance of _____ tips in the United States’ favor considering the public interest.

proper     equities       precedent      irreparable       preempted      likely(2)       enjoin


TheUnited States argues that the overall statutory _____ of S.B. 1070 is _____ because it attempts to set immigration _____at the state level and interferes and conflicts with federal immigration law, foreign relations, and foreign _____. (Id. at 12-25.) Section 1 of S.B. 1070 declares a unified, state-wide public policy, providing:

The legislature declares that the _____of this act is to make _____ through enforcement the public policy of all state and local government agencies in Arizona. The provisions of this act are intended to work together to discourage and _____ the unlawful entry and presence of aliens and economic activity by persons unlawfully _____ in the United States.

preempted      intent      present      scheme      policy(2)      deter      attrition


The United States _____ that mandatory determination of immigration status for all arrestees “_____ with federal law because it necessarily imposes substantial _____ on lawful immigrants in a way that frustrates the _____ of Congress for nationally-uniform rules _____ the treatment of aliens _____ the country – rules designed to ensure ‘our traditional _____ of not treating aliens as a thing apart.’” (Pl.’s Mot. at 26 (quoting Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 73 (1941)).)

concern      asserts      throughout      governing      conflicts      policy       burdens


The United States argues that the _____ of requests for immigration status determination _____ to the federal government or federally-qualified officials would “_____ shift the _____ of federal resources away from federal priorities.” (Pl.’s Mot. at 30.)

directed      influx      impermissibly       allocation


The court finds that the United States has demonstrated it is _____ to succeed on its claim that the mandatory immigration _____ upon arrest requirement contained in Section 2(B) of S.B. 1070 is preempted by federal law. This requirement, as stated above, is _____ to _____ legally-present aliens, in _____ of the Supreme Court’s _____ in Hines that aliens not be subject to “the possibility of _____ practices and police _____.” 312 U.S. at 74.

contravention      burden      surveillance      directive      likely(2)       verification      inquisitorial



In combination with the _____ burden this provision will _____ on lawfully-present aliens, the burden on federal resources and priorities also _____ to an inference of _____. Therefore, for the purposes of preliminary injunction analysis, the Court concludes that the United States has demonstrated a _____of success on its challenge to the first sentence of Section 2(B). Section 2(B) in its entirety is _____ preempted by federal law.

place      preemption      impermissible       leads       likely       likelihood


Section 3 attempts to _____ or complement the uniform, national registration _____ by making it a state crime to violate the federal alien registration requirements, which a state may not do “_____ with the purpose of Congress.” Hines, 312 U.S. at 66-67; see also A.R.S. § 13-1509(A). While Section 3 does not create additional registration requirements, the statute does aim to create state _____ and lead to state _____ for violation of the federal law. Although the alien registration requirements remain uniform, Section 3 alters the _____ established by Congress under the federal registration _____.

inconsistently      supplement       penalties(2)      scheme(2)        prosecutions


Considering the substantial complexity in determining whether a particular public offense makes an alien _____ from the United States and the fact that this determination is _____ made by federal judges, there is a _____ likelihood that officers will _____ arrest legal resident aliens under the new A.R.S. § 13-3883(A)(5). By enforcing this statute, Arizona would _____ a “distinct, unusual and extraordinary” burden on legal resident aliens that only the federal government has the authority to ¬¬¬¬¬_____. Hines, 312 U.S. at 65-66.

ultimately      wrongfully      substantial(2)         removable        impose(2)

Legal English: SB 1070 Vocab. Review (injunction appeal brief)

On the question of whether SB 1070 is _____ by federal Law, Arizona argues that it cannot be, since Congress has repeatedly encouraged cooperation and assistance from state and local authorities in _____ federal immigration laws, and it is, they say, Congress’ _____ that controls whether S.B. 1070 is _____. Arizona maintains that, in granting the US a preliminary injunction, the lower court judge misapplied the law by _____ principles of federal law, by disregarding her obligation to presume that Arizona will implement the provisions in a constitutional manner, and by ignoring the United States’ _____ on a facial challenge to show that the provisions of S.B. 1070 are unconstitutional in all of their applications.
burden     enforcing        misconstruing       preempted(2)      intent

The United States filed its complaint and _____ for a preliminary injunction to _____ enforcement of S.B. 1070. Arizona _____ the motion. Following a _____, the district court issued an order _____ four provisions of S.B. 1070 based on its conclusion that the United States was _____ to succeed on its claims that federal law _____ each of the provisions.
moved      preempts      hearing      enjoin       likely      enjoining      opposed


Arizona states that Congress _____ 8 U.S.C. § 1644, which provides: “Notwithstanding any other provision of Federal, State, or local law, no State or local government _____ may be prohibited, or in any way _____, from sending to or receiving from federal immigration authorities information regarding the immigration status, _____ or _____, of _____ in the United States.” Arizona argues that it is the _____ of Congress to give State and local officials the authority to communicate with [ICE] regarding the presence, whereabouts, or activities of illegal _____.

entity      restricted      unlawful      intent      enacted      lawful       aliens(2)


Arizona contends that the preliminary injunction should be _____ as to each of the four sections of S.B. 1070 that the district court _____. They claim that, under a _____ application of the facts and law, the district court could not have _____ that the United States is likely to _____on the _____ . Arizona says the judge _____ to conclude that the injunction serves the public interest.
enjoined      found      merits       erred      proper       prevail       vacated


At issue in this appeal are four sections of SB 1070. Section 2 (B) requires law enforcement officials or agencies of the state to make a reasonable attempt, when _____, to determine a person’s immigration _____ during a “lawful stop, _____ or arrest” if there is a reasonable _____ “that the person is an _____ and is unlawfully present in the United States” and the investigation will not _____ or obstruct an investigation.
alien      status       detention        suspicion        hinder       practicable


Section 3 of S.B. 1070 _____ that: “In addition to any violation of federal law, a person is guilty of _____ failure to complete or _____ an alien registration document if the person is in violation of 8 [U.S.C. §§] 1304(e) or 1306(a).” S.B. 1070, § 3(A). Section 3 _____ the same maximum _____ for violations of subsection (A) that Congress has _____ for violations of 8 U.S.C. § 1304(e).
carry      imposes      penalties      provides      willful       imposed


Section 5(C) of S.B. 1070 makes it a Class 1 _____ for “a person who is unlawfully present in the United States and who is an _____ alien to _____ apply for work, _____ work in a public place or perform work as an employee or independent _____ in this state.”
unauthorized      knowingly       solicit      contractor       misdemeanor


Section 6 of S.B. 1070 adds to the authority Arizona peace officers have under A.R.S. § 13-3883(A) to arrest a person without a _____by authorizing such arrests when “the officer has _____ to believe . . . [t]he person to be arrested has committed any public _____ that makes the person _____ from the United States.”
probable cause       removable       offense        warrant